Musings on Markets

JULY 13, 2022

Country Risk: Equity Risk For equity investors, the price of risk is captured by the equity risk premium, and equity risk premiums will vary across countries. Please do not attach any political significance to my country groupings, or take them personally.

Risk Premium 103

Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Start-ups Equity 103

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 27, 2022

Beyond the 10-year maturity, the slope of the yield curve actually flattened out, with the difference between the 30-year rate and the 10-year rate declining by 0.34%. Note that the decrease in default spreads, at least for the lower ratings, mirrors the drop in the implied equity risk premium during the course of 2021.

Risk-free Rate 99

Risk-free Rate Treasury Price to Book Start-ups 99

Andrew Stolz

AUGUST 5, 2020

It helps an investor understand what to expect to earn in relation to the risk-free rate and the market return. CAPM assumes that the minimum a rational investor would earn is the risk-free rate by buying the risk-free asset. How Do You Calculate the Capital Asset Pricing Model? E(r) = Rf + ??(Rm

Risk-free Rate 52

Risk-free Rate Beta Weighted Average Cost of Capital Risk Premium 52

Brian DeChesare

AUGUST 31, 2022

Convertible bonds are hybrid instruments with elements of debt and equity, and some groups that trade convertible bonds also combine elements of S&T and IB. If you’re using a strategy like long/short equity , you could long or short a company’s stock, and your results would depend heavily on the stock market’s overall direction.

Banking 89

Banking Risk-free Rate Equity Start-ups 89

Valutico

MAY 28, 2025

Weve enhanced the standalone Cost of Capital step with updated chartsnow including visuals for the Cost of Equity premium, Spread over Risk-Free Rate, and Debt/Equity ratio, among others. Youll also find new options for setting the Risk-Free Rate, Spread over Risk-Free Rate, and Tax Rate.

Risk-free Rate 52

Risk-free Rate EBIT Equity Enterprise Value 52

Musings on Markets

OCTOBER 4, 2023

Some of these differences across sectors reflect reversals from the damage done in 2022, but some of it is reflective of the disparate impact of inflation and higher rates across companies Finally. trillion increase in value US equities, the seven companies that we listed earlier accounted for $3.7

Marketability 123

Marketability Start-ups Risk Premium Treasury 123

Exit Strategy

FEBRUARY 2, 2022

The Risk Free Rate – Part 1 of 5 One of the most important inputs surrounding the valuation of the business is the discount rate that is used in the analysis. This discount rate is the expected rate of return on the subject interest which in most cases is the equity in the value of […].

Risk-free Rate 52

Risk-free Rate Equity Business Valuation 52

Brian DeChesare

FEBRUARY 28, 2024

While everyone seems to know about equity research and trading stocks, fixed income research gets far less attention. Equity Research vs. Fixed Income Research Common Myths What Do You Do as a Fixed Income Research Analyst or Associate? a credit rating vs. an investment recommendation). closer to the work at a quant fund ).

Equity 59

Equity Banking Start-ups Risk-free Rate 59

IVSC

JUNE 12, 2023

She was also a contributing author to the chapter "Risk-Free Rate" in the fifth edition. She has authored a chapter titled, "Cost of Capital for Divisions and Reporting Units," which is included in the fourth and fifth editions of the textbook: Cost of Capital: Applications and Examples, by Shannon Pratt and Roger Grabowski.

Risk-free Rate 130

Risk-free Rate Intangible Assets Appraisal Business Valuation 130

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 20, 2021

With equities, the metric that has been in use the longest is the PE ratio, modified in recent years to the CAPE, where earnings are normalized (by averaging over time) and sometimes adjusted for inflation. Note that nothing that I have said so far is premised on modern portfolio theory, or any academic view of risk premiums.

Risk Premium 52

Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Equity Dividends 52

Valutico

FEBRUARY 27, 2024

The discount rate effectively encapsulates the risk associated with an investment; riskier investments attract a higher discount rate. Different types of discount rates such as risk-free rate, cost of equity, or cost of debt, are used contextually in financial analysis.

Discounted Cash Flow 52

Discounted Cash Flow Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Beta 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 30, 2023

If 2022 was an unsettling year for equities, as I noted in my second data post, it was an even more tumultuous year for the bond market. The rise in rates transmitted to corporate bond market rates, with a concurrent rise in default spreads exacerbating the damage to investors.

Treasury 97

Treasury Start-ups Risk Premium Equity 97

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 8, 2022

Coca Cola, notwithstanding having its headquarters in Atlanta, has exposure to risk in multiple emerging markets, and its equity risk premium should reflect this exposure. Debt, Default Risk and Hurdle Rates Almost all of the discussion so far has been about equity funding and its costs, but companies do raise funds from debt.

Risk Premium 92

Risk Premium Beta Start-ups Equity 92

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 10, 2021

Cost of raising funds (capital) : Since the funds that are invested by a business come from equity investors and lenders, one way in which the hurdle rate is computed is by looking at how much it costs the investing company to raise those funds. But what if the company is looking at a project in Nigeria or Bangladesh? for Ford).

Risk-free Rate 52

Risk-free Rate Risk Premium Start-ups Equity 52

Andrew Stolz

AUGUST 6, 2020

The expected return on an asset is determined by the risk-free rate of return with the addition of the asset’s beta to each macroeconomic factor that impacts the return on the asset multiplied by the risk premium of those factors. Inflation rate: ß = 0.6, The risk-free rate is 5%. 1 + RP1 + ??2+

Risk-free Rate 52

Risk-free Rate Risk Premium Beta Marketability 52

Andrew Stolz

MARCH 20, 2020

A firm uses a mix of equity and debt to minimize the cost of capital. In general, the cost of debt is lower than the cost of equity due to the tax advantage of debt. The cost of capital also reflects the riskiness of a firm which reflects the required rate of return. WACC is also viewed as appropriate for a discount rate.

Beta 52

Beta Risk-free Rate Capital Structure Weighted Average Cost of Capital 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 5, 2024

Beta & Risk 1. Return on Equity 1. Equity Risk Premiums 2. Ratings & Spreads 2. Tax rates 4. Costs of equity & capital 4. Valuation Pricing Growth & Reinvestment Profitability Risk Multiple s 1. Valuation Pricing Growth & Reinvestment Profitability Risk Multiple s 1.

Dividends 106

Dividends Risk Premium Equity Book Value 106

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 11, 2023

In the month since, I have added two more data updates, one on US equities and one on interest rates , but my attention was drawn away by other interesting stories. In fact, there are about a dozen countries that are unrated, where I have used their PRS scores to make estimates of their equity risk premiums.

Risk Premium 97

Risk Premium Start-ups Equity Marketability 97

Musings on Markets

MAY 6, 2022

Investment Consequences As the storm clouds of higher inflation and interest rates, in conjunction with slower or even negative economic growth, gather, it should come as no surprise that equity markets are struggling to find their footing. At the close of trading on May 5, 2022, the S&P 500 stood at 4147, down 13.3%

Risk Premium 103

Risk Premium Treasury Start-ups Equity 103

Equidam

APRIL 26, 2025

For startups, particularly in technology and software sectors, the primary assets are often intangible intellectual property, skilled teams, user bases, brand equity, and growth potential. Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is typically used, representing cash available to equity holders after all expenses, investments, and debt payments.

Discounted Cash Flow 59

Discounted Cash Flow Terminal Value Book Value Beta 59

Valutico

APRIL 17, 2023

WACC considers the costs associated with different components of a firm’s capital structure, such as debt, equity, and preferred stock, and weighs them according to their proportion. It is a metric used to calculate the Cost of Capital for a company based on its specific financing mix (debt, equity and/or preference shares).

Weighted Average Cost of Capital 52

Weighted Average Cost of Capital Discounted Cash Flow Beta Risk-free Rate 52

Valutico

APRIL 17, 2023

WACC considers the costs associated with different components of a firm’s capital structure, such as debt, equity, and preferred stock, and weighs them according to their proportion. It is a metric used to calculate the Cost of Capital for a company based on its specific financing mix (debt, equity and/or preference shares).

Weighted Average Cost of Capital 52

Weighted Average Cost of Capital Discounted Cash Flow Beta Risk-free Rate 52

Valutico

APRIL 12, 2023

WACC considers the costs associated with different components of a firm’s capital structure, such as debt, equity, and preferred stock, and weighs them according to their proportion. It is a metric used to calculate the Cost of Capital for a company based on its specific financing mix (debt, equity and/or preference shares).

Weighted Average Cost of Capital 52

Weighted Average Cost of Capital Discounted Cash Flow Beta Risk-free Rate 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 31, 2024

In my last three posts, I looked at the macro (equity risk premiums, default spreads, risk free rates) and micro (company risk measures) that feed into the expected returns we demand on investments, and argued that these expected returns become hurdle rates for businesses, in the form of costs of equity and capital.

Equity 82

Equity Book Value Start-ups Corporate Finance 82

Equilest

JULY 31, 2022

To evaluate a company's value, using the cash flow discounting method, the future cash flows that the firm will generate must be estimated and capitalized at a discount rate appropriate to the firm's risk. The price of equity represents the return shareholders demand on an investment in the company.

Beta 40

Beta Business Valuation Finance Discounted Cash Flow 40

Brian DeChesare

MAY 3, 2023

And it values the company today based on the present value of its dividends and that potential future value (either the stock price or the Equity Value via the Terminal Value calculation). And Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) must distribute almost all their Net Income, so the DDM can work well in REIT valuations.

Dividends 64

Dividends Terminal Value Enterprise Value Equity 64

Musings on Markets

NOVEMBER 9, 2021

Risk : When I valued Tesla last in early 2020, I used a cost of capital of 7%, reflecting a risk free rate of 1.75% and an equity risk premium of 5.2% Rather than take issue with my valuation, put your inputs into the attached spreadsheet and estimate your value of equity for the firm.

Start-ups 101

Start-ups Dividends Marketability Market Capitalization 101

ThomsonReuters

JUNE 15, 2021

Use of Special purpose acquisition (SPAC) vehicles have spiked over the past year because private equity and venture capital firms have excess cash they need to put to work, accounting practitioners said mid-June. These standards require companies to assess whether the warrants should be equity or liability classified.

Risk-free Rate 64

Risk-free Rate Equity Start-ups Book Value 64

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 24, 2024

In my last post, I looked at equities in 2023, and argued that while they did well during 2023, the bounce back were uneven, with a few big winning companies and sectors, and a significant number of companies not partaking in the recovery.

Treasury 52

Treasury Risk Premium Start-ups Risk-free Rate 52

Musings on Markets

SEPTEMBER 20, 2024

The answer is recognizing that market-set rates ultimately are composed of two elements: an expected inflation rate and an expected real interest rate , reflecting real economic growth.

Banking 125

Banking Treasury Start-ups Marketability 125

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 15, 2023

It is to remedy this defect that analysts scale profits to invested capital, with equity and capital variants: In the equity version, you divide net income by book equity to estimate a return on equity, a measure of what equity investors are generating on the capital they have invested in a company.

Start-ups 52

Start-ups Equity Risk Premium Risk-free Rate 52

Andrew Stolz

JANUARY 28, 2022

Its net-debt to equity ratio stood at 0.9x Historically, Japan has a very low risk-free rate. As of 2021, Idemitsu has a cash-to-assets ratio of 3%. Low cash generation ability might result in conservative expansion plans. Idemitsu has moderate high leverage. Ratios – Idemitsu Kosan.

Dividends 52

Dividends Risk-free Rate Net Debt Equity 52

Valutico

OCTOBER 20, 2022

Ce = Cost of Equity. Rf = Risk-free Rate. Rm – Rf) = Equity Market Risk Premium. Cp = Cost of Equity Premium. Ce = Cost of Equity. E = Equity . t = Tax Rate. Depending on the exact methodology and discount rate used, this could be the Enterprise Value or Equity Value.

Discounted Cash Flow 52

Discounted Cash Flow Terminal Value Weighted Average Cost of Capital Net Present Value 52

Andrew Stolz

JANUARY 28, 2022

Its net-debt to equity ratio stood at 0.3 Russia has a massively high risk-free rate of 10%. Gazprom is a capital-intensive business, with more than 70% of total assets being net fixed assets. Expansion of pipeline structure requires high CAPEX in the future. Gazprom has relatively low leverage. Ratios – Gazprom.

Risk-free Rate 52

Risk-free Rate Net Debt Start-ups Marketability 52

Appraisal Rights

AUGUST 8, 2017

In addition, the Supreme Court disagreed with chancery that a financial buyer – such as Lone Star, the private equity buyer here – would perform a valuation analysis that was necessarily lower than that done by a strategic buyer. The Supreme Court Rejected the Cross-Appeal and Refused to Disregard the Comparable Companies Analysis.

Discounted Cash Flow 40

Discounted Cash Flow Comparable Company Analysis Risk-free Rate Going Concern Value 40

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 26, 2023

In its early years, Tesla was dependent on equity issuances for funding growth investments, and its liberal use of options to reward management (and especially Elon Musk) opened it up to criticism. The Market : The US equity market in January 2023 looks very different from the market at the start of 2022. per share in 2022.

Start-ups 99

Start-ups Marketability Risk Premium Equity 99

Musings on Markets

MAY 24, 2021

Looking at US equities, the S&P 500 is up about 11% and the NASDAQ about 5%, from start of the year levels, and the underperformance of the latter has led to a wave of stories about whether this is start of the long awaited comeback of value stocks, after a decade of lagging growth stocks.

Treasury 55

Treasury Start-ups Risk Premium Price to Book 55