Harvard Corporate Governance

AUGUST 11, 2023

If a large shareholder or a group of investors becomes concerned with the firm’s operations and management, and takes legal steps to assert their claims, it may affect a firm’s outlook, competitive position, its risk premium, and hence discounted value.

Risk Premium 189

Risk Premium Corporate Finance Marketability Finance 189

Musings on Markets

OCTOBER 4, 2023

As we enter the last quarter of 2023, it has been a roller coaster of a year. In the first half of the year, we had positive surprises on both fronts, as inflation dropped after than expected and the economy stayed resilient, allowing for a comeback on stocks, which I wrote about in a post in July 2023.

Marketability 123

Marketability Start-ups Risk Premium Treasury 123

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 17, 2024

Heading into 2023, US equities looked like they were heading into a sea of troubles, with inflation out of control and a recession on the horizon. In that post, I noted that if inflation subsided quickly, and the economy stayed out of a recession, stocks had upside, and that is the scenario that played out in 2023.

Risk Premium 82

Risk Premium Start-ups Equity Dividends 82

Musings on Markets

SEPTEMBER 27, 2022

In a third post on July 1, 2022 , I pointed to inflation as a key culprit in the retreat of risk capital, i.e., capital invested in the riskiest segments of every market, and presented evidence of the impact on risk premiums (bond default spreads and equity risk premiums) in markets. from what it was on January 1.

Risk Premium 99

Risk Premium Treasury Start-ups Equity 99

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 24, 2024

In my last post, I looked at equities in 2023, and argued that while they did well during 2023, the bounce back were uneven, with a few big winning companies and sectors, and a significant number of companies not partaking in the recovery. The Fed Effect: Where's the beef?

Treasury 52

Treasury Risk Premium Start-ups Risk-free Rate 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 26, 2023

It is worth noting that year 10 in that valuation would be 2023, and Tesla's revenues in 2022 were not that far off at $73 billion, albeit with more potential for growth.) The Market : The US equity market in January 2023 looks very different from the market at the start of 2022.

Start-ups 99

Start-ups Marketability Risk Premium Equity 99

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 6, 2023

When valuing or analyzing a company, I find myself looking for and using macro data (risk premiums, default spreads, tax rates) and industry-level data on profitability, risk and leverage. In January 2023, I ended up with 47,913 publicly traded firms in my sample , with the pie chart below providing a geographic breakdown.

Risk Premium 52

Risk Premium Dividends Start-ups EBITDA 52

Musings on Markets

AUGUST 15, 2023

Expected returns for Risky Investments : The risk-free rate becomes the base on which you build to estimate expected returns on all other investments. For instance, if you read my last post on equity risk premiums , I described the equity risk premium as the additional return you would demand, over and above the risk free rate.

Risk-free Rate 98

Risk-free Rate Risk Premium Treasury Start-ups 98

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 15, 2023

billion in gross profit in the last twelve months leading into 2023, but operating income drops off to $6.4 Finally, I look at the aggregated values across all companies on all three income measures, across all global companies, again broken down by sector: Collectively, global companies reported $16.9 billion and need income is only $4.3

Start-ups 52

Start-ups Equity Risk Premium Risk-free Rate 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 5, 2024

Beta & Risk 1. Equity Risk Premiums 2. I also have implied equity risk premiums (forward-looking and dynamic estimate of what investors are pricing stocks to earn in the future) for the S&P 500 going back annually to 1960 and monthly to 2008, and equity risk premiums for countries. Buybacks 2.

Dividends 107

Dividends Risk Premium Equity Book Value 107

Global Finance

MARCH 5, 2025

The main attraction of full dollarization is the elimination of the risk of a sudden, sharp devaluation of the countrys exchange rate, the IMF writers point out. This may allow the country to reduce the risk premium attached to its international borrowing. in 2023, according to World Bank data. by 2006 and was 24.1%

Banking 59

Banking Finance Risk Premium Marketability 59

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 31, 2024

In my last three posts, I looked at the macro (equity risk premiums, default spreads, risk free rates) and micro (company risk measures) that feed into the expected returns we demand on investments, and argued that these expected returns become hurdle rates for businesses, in the form of costs of equity and capital.

Equity 83

Equity Book Value Start-ups Corporate Finance 83

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 2, 2023

Finally, my starting cost of capital of 10.15% reflects the reality that the riskfree rate and equity risk premiums have risen over 2022, and my ending number of 9% is an indication that I expect Tesla to become less risky over time. and 10.9%.

Start-ups 99

Start-ups Risk-free Rate Market Capitalization Marketability 99

Simply Treasury

AUGUST 2, 2022

The definition of "net equity" is as follows: equity of the company = sum of subscribed capital, share premiums, revaluation reserves, reserves and retained earnings, minus the tax value of the company's holdings in associated companies and the tax value of its own shares. risk premium if the company is an SME as defined by European law).

Equity 52

Equity Risk Premium Banking Finance 52

Musings on Markets

JULY 25, 2023

For three decades, China has won this battle, but in 2023, the battleground seems to be shifting in favor of India, but it is still too early to make a judgment on whether this is a long term change, or just a hiccup.

Risk Premium 52

Risk Premium Equity Start-ups Risk-free Rate 52

Appraiser Newsroom

JUNE 4, 2024

He was a on the Board of Trustees of the International Valuation Standards Council finishing his second term in 2023. He is a frequent presenter on valuation topics, and is currently a subject matter expert on the Appraisal Foundation’s working group preparing a Valuation Advisory on the Company-Specific Risk Premium.

Business Valuation 59

Business Valuation Intangible Assets Appraisal Finance 59

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 28, 2024

In my last data updates for this year, I looked first at how equity markets rebounded in 2023 , driven by a stronger-than-expected economy and inflation coming down, and then at how interest rates mirrored this rebound. Globally, health care has the highest percentage of money-losing companies and utilities have the lowest.

Risk Premium 122

Risk Premium Beta Start-ups Equity 122

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 19, 2022

In computing this implied equity risk premium for the S&P 500, I start with the dividends and buybacks on the stocks in the index in the most recent year (which is known) and assume that they grow at the rate that analysts who follow the index are projecting for the next five years.

Risk Premium 99

Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Start-ups Equity 99

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 27, 2023

In this post, I will focus on corporate debt in 2023, keeping in mind that it was a year where the tradeoffs changed, as interest rates rose to pre-2008 levels, and putting at risk those firms that had borrowed to capacity, or even beyond, at low interest rates.

Equity 52

Equity EBITDA Start-ups Net Debt 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 8, 2022

Risk Premiums : You cannot make informed financial decisions, without having measures of the price of risk in markets, and I report my estimates for these values for both debt and equity markets. I extend my equity risk premium approach to cover other countries, using sovereign default spreads as my starting point, at this link.

Risk Premium 99

Risk Premium Start-ups Market Capitalization Corporate Finance 99

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 16, 2024

Investors will either see more relative risk (or beta) in these companies, if the risks affect an entire sector, or in equity risk premiums, if they are market-wide. Applications : My argument for using implied equity risk premiums is that they are dynamic and forward-looking.

Risk Premium 78

Risk Premium Start-ups Beta Marketability 78

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 17, 2025

In my last post , I noted that the US has extended its dominance of global equities in recent years, increasing its share of market capitalization from 42% in at the start of 2023 to 44% at the start of 2024 to 49% at the start of 2025.

Equity 129

Equity Risk Premium Treasury Start-ups 129

Musings on Markets

JULY 24, 2024

After the 2008 market crisis, I resolved that I would be far more organized in my assessments and updating of equity risk premiums, in the United States and abroad, as I looked at the damage that can be inflicted on intrinsic value by significant shifts in risk premiums, i.e., my definition of a crisis.

Risk Premium 78

Risk Premium Equity Start-ups EBITDA 78

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 28, 2025

I will follow up by examining changes in corporate bond rates, across the default ratings spectrum, trying to get a measure of how the price of risk in bond markets changed during 2024. They made a mild comeback in 2023 and that recovery continued in 2024. Data Update 4 for 2025: Interest Rates, Inflation and Central Banks!

Banking 71

Banking Treasury Risk Premium Start-ups 71

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 23, 2025

With only 145 corporate defaults, 2024 was a relatively quiet year, since that number was slightly lower than the 153 defaults in 2023, and the default rate dropped slightly (from 3.6% to3.5%) during the year.

Equity 78

Equity EBITDA Risk Premium Gross Debt 78

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 31, 2025

I first posted about AI in the context of valuing Nvidia , in June 2023, when there was still uncertainty about whether AI had legs. That is partly why, I have shed portions of my holdings in Nvidia, selling half my holdings in the summer of 2023 and another quarter in the summer of 2024.

Start-ups 134

Start-ups Marketability Technology Risk Premium 134

Musings on Markets

MARCH 15, 2025

Thus, my estimates of equity risk premiums, updated every month, are not designed to make big statements about markets but more to get inputs I need to value companies. of global GDP in 1995 to 3.96% in 2023 and the latter seeing its share dropping from 25.69% of global GDP in 1990 to 14.86%.

Start-ups 132

Start-ups Risk Premium Marketability Equity 132

Equidam

APRIL 22, 2025

Discount Rates / Risk Premiums: The discount rate used in DCF analysis (often the WACC) incorporates elements sensitive to market conditions. [21] 21] [22] [24] [27] The cost of equity component includes the market risk premium the excess return investors expect for investing in the broader market over a risk-free rate.

Discounted Cash Flow 52

Discounted Cash Flow Marketability Risk Premium Start-ups 52

Equidam

APRIL 22, 2025

10] , [23] , [2] Discount Rate: The rate used to discount future cash flows is typically the cost of equity, calculated via the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * Market Risk Premium. [23] 23] Risk-Free Rate: Tied to government bond yields (e.g.,

Discounted Cash Flow 64

Discounted Cash Flow Terminal Value Marketability EBITDA 64

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 6, 2025

I aggregated the market capitalizations of all stocks at the end of 2023 and the end of 2024, and computed the percentage change. The logical step in looking across countries is measuring risk in countries, and bringing that risk into your analysis, by incorporating that risk by demanding higher expected returns in riskier countries.

Risk Premium 69

Risk Premium Start-ups Enterprise Value Equity 69