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Business Valuation: Don’t Underestimate the Key Person Discount

Posted by Concannon Miller on Thu, Feb 24, 2022

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Business Valuation: Don’t Underestimate the Key Person DiscountIn the fourth quarter of 2021, CEO resignations were up 16% over the prior year, according to executive outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Recent and announced high profile departures include Twitter's Jack Dorsey, Amazon's Jeff Bezos and American Airlines' Doug Parker.

This trend is expected to continue into 2022 as executives swap high-stress positions for more family time. Would your business survive if its CEO or founder suddenly jumped ship?

Large public companies often have deep management structures and succession plans in place. So, they can usually recover from the loss of a C-level executive over time, except in rare instances.

It's more common for smaller businesses to depend heavily on a key person — and the actual, or even the potential, loss of that individual is likely to have a major impact on value. Key person discounts are applied to reflect the reduction in a company's value resulting from such a loss.

What's Relevant?

A key person might generate most of the company's revenues; possess intricate technical knowledge, intellectual property, charisma or creative ability; or maintain close relationships with critical customers or vendors. So, a key person discount is most appropriate when the subject business is continuing (rather than liquidating), and the key person is free to leave the company.

When estimating this discount, a valuation expert generally considers:

  • The key person's responsibilities,
  • The degree of dependence on the key person,
  • The likelihood of losing the key person,
  • The depth and quality of other management,
  • The availability and likely compensation of a replacement, and
  • The risks associated with losing the key person.


The expert must also weigh factors that might offset the loss. Examples include key person life insurance policies and valid noncompete agreements.

READ MORE: Business Valuation Methods: Pros & Cons for Business Owners

How Is the Discount Quantified?

The loss of the key person could result in significant adverse effects, including lost customers, rising costs and stagnant product development. Before relying on a valuation that incorporates a key person discount, check that the expert hasn't accounted more than once for the risks of losing that individual.

Key person risks can be factored into the valuation equation in three ways: 1) through a separate key person discount, 2) by normalizing the company's future income stream, or 3) by factoring the risks into the discount or capitalization rate (or the pricing multiple).

For example, if the expert determines the future income stream will decrease as a result of losing the key person, the expert shouldn't also increase the discount or capitalization rate to account for the risk of losing that same key person.

READ MORE: Business Valuation: When Businesses Need One and Why to Use a CVA (Video)

A Key Issue

While key person discounts are rare, courts have allowed them in certain cases. Contact us to discuss whether this discount applies to a specific company and, if so, how to factor it into the valuation equation.

© 2022

Topics: Business Valuation

Concannon Miller’s unique, holistic and intimate approach to financial health sets us apart from smaller CPA firms with more limited resources as well as mega firms where mid-sized clients struggle for attention. Contact us here to talk about improving your business.

This communication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered at the time it was published. However, the general information herein is not intended to be nor should it be treated as tax, legal, or accounting advice. Additional issues could exist that would affect the tax treatment of a specific transaction and, therefore, taxpayers should seek advice from an independent tax advisor based on their particular circumstances before acting on any information presented. This information is not intended to be nor can it be used by any taxpayer for the purposes of avoiding tax penalties.

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